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Frances Louise Tracy ( m. 1865) Children Louisa Pierpont Morgan Juliet Morgan Parent(s) Juliet Pierpont Signature John Pierpont Morgan Sr. (April 17, 1837 – March 31, 1913) was an American and who dominated and in the United States of America in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. In 1892, Morgan arranged the merger of and to form. He also played important roles in the formation of the,. At the height of Morgan's career during the early twentieth century, he and his partners had financial investments in many large corporations and had significant influence over the nation's high finance and members. He directed the banking coalition that stopped the.
He was the leading financier of the, and his dedication to efficiency and modernization helped transform American. Adrian Wooldridge characterized Morgan as America's 'greatest banker'. Morgan died in Rome, Italy, in his sleep in 1913 at the age of 75, leaving his fortune and business to his son, Biographer estimated his fortune at only $118 million (of which approximately $50 million was attributed to his vast art collection), a net worth which prompted to say: 'and to think, he wasn't even a rich man.'
Contents. Childhood and education Morgan was born into the influential in, and was raised there. He was the son of (1813–1890) and Juliet Pierpont (1816–1884). Pierpont, as he preferred to be known, had a varied education due in part to the plans of his father. In the fall of 1848, Pierpont transferred to the Hartford Public School and then to the Episcopal Academy in (now called ), boarding with the principal. In September 1851, Morgan passed the entrance exam for of Boston, a school specializing in mathematics to prepare young men for careers in commerce.
In the spring of 1852, an illness struck which was to become more common as his life progressed. Left him in so much pain that he could not walk, and Junius sent him to the to recover. He convalesced there for almost a year, then returned to the English High School in Boston to resume his studies.
After he graduated, his father sent him to Bellerive, a school in the Swiss village of, where he gained fluency in French. His father then sent him to the in order to improve his German. He attained a passable level of German within six months and also a degree in art history, then traveled back to London via, with his formal education complete. Career Early years and life Morgan went into banking in 1857 at the London branch of firm, a partnership between his father and founded three years earlier.
In 1858, he moved to New York City to join the banking house of, the American representatives of. During the, in an incident known as the, Morgan financed the purchase of five thousand rifles from an army arsenal at $3.50 each, which were then resold to a field general for $22 each. Morgan had avoided serving during the war by $300 to take his place. From 1860 to 1864, as J. Pierpont Morgan & Company, he acted as agent in New York for his father's firm, renamed 'J.S.
Morgan & Co.' Upon Peabody's retirement in 1864. From 1864–72, he was a member of the firm of Dabney, Morgan, and Company. In 1871, he partnered with the Drexels of Philadelphia to form the New York firm of Drexel, Morgan & Company.
At that time, became Pierpont's mentor at the request of Junius Morgan. Morgan & Company.
Main article: After the death of, the firm was rechristened 'J. Morgan & Company' in 1895, retaining close ties with of Philadelphia; of Paris; and (after 1910 ) of London. By 1900, it was one of the most powerful banking houses of the world, focused especially on reorganizations and consolidations.
Morgan had many partners over the years, such as, but always remained firmly in charge. His process of taking over troubled businesses to reorganize them became known as 'Morganization'. Morgan reorganized business structures and management in order to return them to profitability. His reputation as a banker and financier also helped bring interest from investors to the businesses that he took over. Treasury gold The Federal Treasury was nearly out of gold in 1895, at the depths of the. Morgan had put forward a plan for the federal government to buy gold from his and European banks but it was declined in favor of a plan to sell bonds directly to the general public to overcome the crisis. Morgan, sure there was not enough time to implement such a plan, demanded and eventually obtained a meeting with where he claimed the government could default that day if they didn't do something.
Morgan came up with a plan to use an old statute that allowed Morgan and the to sell gold directly to the U.S. Treasury, 3.5 million ounces, to restore the treasury surplus, in exchange for a 30-year bond issue. The episode saved the Treasury but hurt Cleveland's standing with the agrarian wing of the, and became an issue in the when banks came under a withering attack from. Morgan and Wall Street bankers donated heavily to Republican, who was elected in 1896 and re-elected in 1900. Newspapers In 1896, owned the, and he secured financing from Morgan to purchase the financially struggling. Morgan in his earlier years After the death of his father in 1890, Morgan took control of J. (which was renamed Morgan, Grenfell & Company in 1910).
Morgan began talks with, president of Carnegie Co., and businessman in 1900. The goal was to buy out Carnegie's steel business and merge it with several other steel, coal, mining and shipping firms. After financing the creation of the Federal Steel Company, he finally merged it in 1901 with the and several other steel and iron businesses (including Consolidated Steel and Wire Company, owned by ), to form the United States Steel Corporation. Steel was the first billion-dollar company in the world, having an authorized capitalization of $1.4 billion, which was much larger than any other industrial firm and comparable in size to the largest railroads.
Steel aimed to achieve greater, reduce transportation and resource costs, expand product lines, and improve distribution. It was also planned to allow the United States to compete globally with the. Schwab and others claimed that U.S. Steel's size would allow the company to be more aggressive and effective in pursuing distant international markets ('). Steel was regarded as a monopoly by critics, as the business was attempting to dominate not only steel but also the construction of bridges, ships, railroad cars and rails, wire, nails, and a host of other products.
Steel, Morgan had captured two-thirds of the steel market, and Schwab was confident that the company would soon hold a 75 percent market share. However, after 1901 the business' market share dropped. Schwab resigned from U.S.
Steel in 1903 to form, which became the second largest U.S. Steel producer.
Labor policy was a contentious issue. Steel was non-union, and experienced steel producers, led by Schwab, wanted to keep it that way with the use of aggressive tactics to identify and root out pro-union 'troublemakers.' The lawyers and bankers who had organized the merger—notably Morgan and CEO —were more concerned with long-range profits, stability, good public relations, and avoiding trouble. The bankers' views generally prevailed, and the result was a 'paternalistic' labor policy. Steel was eventually unionized in the late 1930s.) Panic of 1907. Morgan's role in the economy was denounced as overpowering in this political cartoon The was a financial crisis that almost crippled the American economy. Major New York banks were on the verge of bankruptcy and there was no mechanism to rescue them, until Morgan stepped in to help resolve the crisis.
Treasury Secretary earmarked $35 million of federal money to deposit in New York banks. Morgan then met with the nation's leading financiers in his New York mansion, where he forced them to devise a plan to meet the crisis., president of the National City Bank, also played a central role.
Morgan organized a team of bank and trust executives which redirected money between banks, secured further international lines of credit, and bought up the plummeting stocks of healthy corporations. A delicate political issue arose regarding the brokerage firm of Moore and Schley, which was deeply involved in a speculative pool in the stock of the. Moore and Schley had pledged over $6 million of the Tennessee Coal and Iron (TCI) stock for loans among the Wall Street banks.
The banks had called the loans, and the firm could not pay. If Moore and Schley should fail, a hundred more failures would follow and then all Wall Street might go to pieces.
Morgan decided they had to save Moore and Schley. TCI was one of the chief competitors of U.S. Steel and it owned valuable iron and coal deposits.
Morgan controlled U.S. Steel and he decided it had to buy the TCI stock from Moore and Schley. Elbert Gary, head of U.S. Steel, agreed, but was concerned there would be implications that could cause grave trouble for U.S. Steel, which was already dominant in the steel industry.
Morgan sent Gary to see President, who promised legal immunity for the deal. Steel thereupon paid $30 million for the TCI stock and Moore and Schley was saved. The announcement had an immediate effect; by November 7, 1907, the panic was over.
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The crisis underscored the need for a powerful oversight mechanism. Vowing to never let it happen again, and realizing that in a future crisis there was unlikely to be another Morgan, in 1913 banking and political leaders, led by Senator, devised a plan that resulted in the creation of the in 1913. Banking's critics. 'I Like a Little Competition'—J. Cartoon relating to the answer Morgan gave when asked whether he disliked competition at the. While conservatives in the hailed Morgan for his civic responsibility, his strengthening of the national economy, and his devotion to the arts and religion, the left wing viewed him as one of the central figures in the system it rejected.
Morgan redefined conservatism in terms of financial prowess coupled with strong commitments to religion and high culture. Enemies of banking attacked Morgan for the terms of his loan of gold to the in the 1895 crisis and, together with writer, they attacked him for the financial resolution of the. They also attempted to attribute to him the financial ills of the. In December 1912, Morgan testified before the, a subcommittee of the House Banking and Currency committee.
The committee ultimately concluded that a small number of financial leaders was exercising considerable control over many industries. The partners of J.P. And directors of First National and controlled aggregate resources of $22.245 billion, which, later a, compared to the value of all the property in the twenty-two states west of the. Unsuccessful ventures Morgan did not always invest well, as several failures demonstrated.
Nikola Tesla In 1900, the inventor convinced Morgan he could build a trans-Atlantic wireless communication system (eventually sited at ) that would outperform the short range radio wave-based wireless telegraph system then being demonstrated. Morgan agreed to give Tesla $150,000 (equivalent to $4,517,400 in 2018) to build the system in return for a 51% control of the patents. Almost as soon as the contract was signed Tesla decided to scale up the facility to include his ideas of terrestrial to make what he thought was a more competitive system. Morgan considered Tesla's changes, and requests for the additional amounts of money to build it, a breach of contract and refused to fund the changes. With no additional investment capital available, the project at Wardenclyffe was abandoned in 1906, and never became operational.
London subways Morgan suffered a rare business defeat in 1902 when he attempted to enter the field. Transit magnate thwarted Morgan's effort to obtain parliamentary authority to build the, a subway line that would have competed with 'Tube' lines controlled by Yerkes. Morgan called Yerkes' coup 'the greatest rascality and conspiracy I ever heard of'. International Mercantile Marine In 1902, J.P. Financed the formation of (IMMC), an Atlantic shipping company which absorbed several major American and British lines in an attempt to monopolize the shipping trade. IMMC was a holding company that controlled subsidiary corporations that had their own operating subsidiaries. Morgan hoped to dominate transatlantic shipping through interlocking directorates and contractual arrangements with the railroads, but that proved impossible because of the unscheduled nature of sea transport, American antitrust legislation, and an agreement with the British government.
One of IMMC's subsidiaries was the, which owned the. The ship's famous sinking in 1912, the year before Morgan's death, was a financial disaster for IMMC, which was forced to apply for bankruptcy protection in 1915. Analysis of financial records shows that IMMC was over-leveraged and suffered from inadequate cash flow causing it to default on bond interest payments. Saved by, IMMC eventually re-emerged as the, which went bankrupt in 1986. Morgan corporations From 1890 to 1913, 42 major corporations were organized or their securities were underwritten, in whole or part, by J.P. Morgan and Company. Industrials.
Morgan, photographed by in 1903 After the death of his father in 1890, Morgan gained control of (renamed Morgan, Grenfell & Company in 1910). Morgan began conversations with, president of, and businessman in 1900 with the intention of buying Carnegie's business and several other steel and iron businesses to consolidate them to create the. Carnegie agreed to sell the business to Morgan for $480 million. The deal was closed without lawyers and without a written contract.
News of the industrial consolidation arrived to newspapers in mid-January 1901. Steel was founded later that year and was the first billion-dollar company in the world with an authorized of $1.4 billion. Morgan was a member of the in New York City. When his friend, president John King, was, Morgan resigned and organized the of New York.
He donated the land on 5th Avenue and 60th Street at a cost of $125,000, and commanded to '.build me a club fit for gentlemen, forget the expense.' He invited King in as a charter member and served as club president from 1891 to 1900. Personal life Marriages and children In 1861, Morgan married Amelia Sturges, called Mimi (1835–1862). She died the following year. He married Frances Louisa Tracy, known as Fanny (1842–1924), on May 31, 1865. They had four children:. Louisa Pierpont Morgan (1866–1946), who married; (1863–1947).
(1867–1943), who married Jane Norton Grew. Juliet Pierpont Morgan (1870–1952), who married (1869–1950). (1873–1952), philanthropist Appearance. Self-conscious about his, Morgan hated being photographed.
Morgan often had a tremendous physical effect on people; one man said that a visit from Morgan left him feeling 'as if a gale had blown through the house.' Morgan was physically large with massive shoulders, piercing eyes, and a purple nose (because of a chronic skin disease, ). He was known to dislike publicity and hated being photographed; as a result of his self-consciousness of his rosacea, all of his professional portraits were retouched. His deformed nose was due to a disease called, which can result from rosacea. As the deformity worsens, pits, nodules, fissures, lobulations, and pedunculation contort the nose. This condition inspired the crude taunt 'Johnny Morgan's nasal organ has a purple hue.' Surgeons could have shaved away the rhinophymous growth of sebaceous tissue during Morgan's lifetime, but as a child he suffered from infantile seizures, and Morgan's son-in-law, Herbert L.
Satterlee, has speculated that he did not seek surgery for his nose because he feared the seizures would return. His social and professional self-confidence were too well established to be undermined by this affliction. It appeared as if he dared people to meet him squarely and not shrink from the sight, asserting the force of his character over the ugliness of his face. Morgan smoked dozens of cigars per day and favored large Havana cigars dubbed Hercules' Clubs by observers. Religion Morgan was a lifelong member of the, and by 1890 was one of its most influential leaders. He was a founding member of the, an Episcopal private member's club in Manhattan.
In 1910, the of the Episcopal Church established a commission, proposed by Bishop, to implement a world conference of churches to address their differences in their “ and.” Morgan was so impressed by the proposal for such a conference that he contributed $100,000 to finance the commission’s work. Early view (c. 1855) of 229, 225 and 219 Madison Avenue before the street was paved His house at 219 Madison Avenue was originally built in 1853 by and purchased by Morgan in 1882. It became the first electrically lit private residence in New York.
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His interest in the new technology was a result of his financing 's in 1878. It was there that a reception of 1,000 people was held for the marriage of Juliet Morgan and William Pierson Hamilton on April 12, 1894, where they were given a favorite clock of Morgan's. Morgan also owned East Island in, where he had a large summer house. Yachting.
Morgan's yacht Corsair II, later bought by the U.S. Government and renamed the to serve in the.
Photograph by An avid yachtsman, Morgan owned several large yachts. The first being the Corsair, built by for Charles J. Osborn (1837-1885), launched on 26 May 1880. Osborn was 's private banker. Morgan bought the yacht in 1882. The well-known quote, 'If you have to ask the price, you can't afford it' is commonly attributed to Morgan in response to a question about the cost of maintaining a yacht, although the story is unconfirmed. A similarly unconfirmed legend attributes the quote to his son, in connection with the launching of the son's yacht Corsair IV at in 1930.
Morgan was scheduled to travel on the ill-fated maiden voyage of the, but canceled at the last minute, choosing to remain at a resort in, France. The, which operated Titanic, was part of Morgan's International Mercantile Marine Company, and Morgan was to have his own private suite and promenade deck on the ship. In response to the sinking of Titanic, Morgan purportedly said, 'Monetary losses amount to nothing in life. It is the loss of life that counts. It is that frightful death.' Collector Morgan was a notable collector of books, pictures, paintings, clocks and other art objects, many loaned or given to the (of which he was president and was a major force in its establishment), and many housed in his London house and in his private library on 36th Street, near in New York City.
Morgan Jr., made the a public institution in 1924 as a memorial to his father, and kept, his father's private librarian, as its first director. Morgan was painted by many artists including the Peruvian and the Swiss-born American, who also painted a double portrait of Morgan with his favorite grandchild, Mabel Satterlee, that for some years stood on an easel in the Satterlee mansion but has now disappeared. Benefactor Morgan was a benefactor of the, the, (especially its ), the of the City of New York, and the New York trade schools. Gem collector. From the Morgan collection By the turn of the century, Morgan had become one of America's most important collectors of gems and had assembled the most important gem collection in the U.S.
As well as of American gemstones (over 1,000 pieces). Assembled his first collection under their Chief Gemologist,. The collection was exhibited at the World's Fair in Paris in 1889. The exhibit won two golden awards and drew the attention of important scholars, lapidaries, and the general public. George Frederick Kunz continued to build a second, even finer, collection which was exhibited in Paris in 1900.
These collections have been donated to the in New York where they were known as the Morgan-Tiffany and the Morgan-Bement collections. In 1911 Kunz named a newly found gem after his best customer,.
Photography Morgan was a patron to photographer, offering Curtis $75,000 in 1906, to create a series on the. Curtis eventually published a 20-volume work entitled The North American Indian.
Curtis also produced a motion picture, (1914), which was restored in 1974 and re-released as In the Land of the War Canoes. Curtis was also famous for a 1911 slide show which used his photos and original musical compositions by composer.
Morgan Library and Art Museum Morgan died while traveling abroad on March 31, 1913, just shy of his 76th birthday. He died in his sleep at the Grand Hotel in Rome, Italy. Flags on Wall Street flew at, and in an honor usually reserved for heads of state, the stock market closed for two hours when his body passed through New York City. His body was brought to lie in his home and adjacent library the first night of arrival in New York City. His remains were interred in the in his birthplace of. His son, inherited the banking business. He bequeathed his mansion and large book collections to the in New York.
His estate was worth $68.3 million ($1.39 billion in today's dollars based on, or $25.2 billion based on share of GDP), of which about $30 million represented his share in the New York and Philadelphia banks. The value of his art collection was estimated at $50 million. Legacy His son, took over the business at his father's death, but was never as influential.
As required by the 1933, the 'House of Morgan' became three entities:, which later became;, an investment house formed by his grandson; and in London, an overseas securities house. The gemstone was named in his honor. The, associated with his estate, Cragston (at ), was listed on the in 1982.
Popular culture. A contemporary literary biography of Morgan is used as an allegory for the financial environment in America after World War I in the second volume, Nineteen Nineteen, of '. Morgan appears as a character in Caleb Carr's novel, in E. Doctorow's novel, in Steven S. Drachman's novel, and in Graham Moore's novel The Last Days of Night.
Morgan is believed to have been the model for Walter Parks Thatcher (played by ), guardian of the young (film directed by ) with whom he has a tense relationship—Kane blaming Thatcher for destroying his childhood. According to Phil Orbanes, former Vice President of Parker Brothers, the of the American version of the board game is modeled after J. Morgan's career is highlighted in episodes three and four of the History Channel's. My Name Is Morgan (But It Ain't J.P.) – 1906 popular song released as an recording, words by Will A.
Mahoney, music by, sung. Original released as a ' but revised over the years, a poor man named Morgan tells his girlfriend not to mistake him for a rich man. See also., a named after Morgan Notes.
Name Titanic (1997) HD Dual-Audio Hindi + English Category Movie Size 1.64 GB Type Mkv HD Support / Plateform / OS All Download By Torrent Other Hint 5620 Description: Titanic is a 1997 Hollywood romantic film directed, written, co-produced, and co-edited by James Cameron, Deep-sea explorer Brock Lovett has reached the most famous shipwreck of all - the Titanic. Emerging with a safe believed to contain a diamond called 'The Heart of the Ocean', he discovers the safe does not hold the diamond but a drawing of a beautiful woman wearing it. When Brock is later interviewed on TV, he shows the drawing to the cameras, and a 100-year-old woman named Rose Calvert living in Michigan recognizes the woman in the drawing - herself! On a visit to Brock's explorer ship over the wreck, Rose tells her story of the Titanic and its ill-fated voyage.
Engaged to a would-be steel magnate, Caledon Hockley, she boards the Titanic's first-class suites with him & her mother in Southampton. Also boarding are Jack Dawson & his friend Fabrizio, after a lucky poker game wins them tickets in steerage. When Rose attempts suicide by jumping off the stern in 3rd class, Jack pulls her back onto the ship.and a bond is forged between them as Jack is invited by her into 1st-class the following day.
Rose's mother & Cal Hockley try desperate measures to keep them apart. But that strategy goes out the window when the Titanic collides with an iceberg, and due to a design flaw begins to sink - despite being proclaimed 'unsinkable'. Now Rose & Jack must fight to stay alive, but is young Jack already doomed because of his lower status as a steerage passenger?